{"id":1379,"date":"2019-04-28T14:40:58","date_gmt":"2019-04-28T18:40:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/?p=1379"},"modified":"2026-03-22T06:58:22","modified_gmt":"2026-03-22T10:58:22","slug":"my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/","title":{"rendered":"My Quest for Top-Quality Fruit for Making Superlative Wines"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>April 28, 2019<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So I\u2019m on a quest to make, not great, but superb wines from top-notch fruit (i.e., grapes). And therein lies my challenge . . . every year \u2013 sourcing top-notch fruit, juice or must (juice with grape skins). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I live in Montreal (Quebec, Canada) where purveyors of fruit and juice for winemaking cater predominantly  to the older generation of cost-conscious winemakers and to those wanting to make tiny batches of good, early drinking wine (inexpensively too). I have resorted to driving hours and hours or paying premium dollars to get juice or frozen must that I can turn into superlative wines, wines with a bang of a wow factor. It hasn\u2019t been easy, but wholesalers and distributors are catching up and now sourcing grapes from not only California\u2019s Central Valley, but also from Oregon and Washington in northwestern US, as well as the Southern Hemisphere from Chile and Argentina and as far as South Africa to satisfy the needs of discriminating amateur winemakers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>WineGrapesDirect.com<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"WineGrapesDirect (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/winegrapesdirect.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">WineGrapesDirect<\/a>, operated by partners Andrew and Mikey Crews, is one such purveyor of high-quality juice and must from grapes sourced from premium vineyards in California, Oregon, and Washington. Crushed must (reds) and pressed juice (whites) are flash-frozen and then shipped by courier anywhere throughout the continental US and Canada.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I have become partial to frozen must because the freezing process ruptures grape cell walls and release more anthocyanins (color pigment molecules) and increase color extraction. It had always been a challenge extracting color in the okay grapes from the Central Valley I was able to source locally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1412\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/pinot-noir-label-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?fit=3456%2C2837&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3456,2837\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;1.9&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;SM-A520W&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1556096758&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;3.6&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;1000&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.066666666666667&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Pinot Noir Label\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?fit=300%2C246&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?fit=625%2C513&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?fit=625%2C513&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1412\" width=\"206\" height=\"169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?w=3456&amp;ssl=1 3456w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?resize=300%2C246&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?resize=768%2C630&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C841&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?resize=624%2C512&amp;ssl=1 624w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?w=1250&amp;ssl=1 1250w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Label-1.jpg?w=1875&amp;ssl=1 1875w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>So I decided I would try three 5-gallon (20-liter) pails of <a href=\"http:\/\/winegrapesdirect.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"WineGrapesDirect (opens in a new tab)\">WineGrapesDirect<\/a>\u2019s best of the best for evaluation purposes, and since I live a short one-hour drive from the US border and there is no duty or taxes on (unfermented) frozen must, I had the pails shipped to a pick-up location just across our friendly border.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I chose the following varieties, one white and two reds, from the 2018 harvest (prices are in US$ for 5-gal pails unless stated otherwise):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Sonoma Chardonnay, Russian River Valley AVA, Olivet Lane Vineyard (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/winegrapesdirect.com\/2018-chardonnay-rrv-frozen-grape-juice\/\" target=\"_blank\">Sonoma Chardonnay, Russian River Valley AVA, Olivet Lane Vineyard<\/a> ($250 \u2013 5.25-gallon pail)<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon, Calistoga AVA (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/winegrapesdirect.com\/2018-cabernet-sauvignon-frozen-grape-must-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon, Calistoga AVA<\/a> ($230)<\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/winegrapesdirect.com\/2018-pinot-noir-frozen-grape-must\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Oregon Pinot Noir, Willamette Valley, Chehalem Mountains AVA (opens in a new tab)\">Oregon Pinot Noir, Willamette Valley, Chehalem Mountains AVA<\/a> ($175)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Since these are tiny batches for evaluation purposes, the wines will not be aged in oak barrels, but they will be given the full and maximum-extraction treatment to turn these into very full-bodied, dry wines with long aging potential. By \u201cdry,\u201d I mean to have less than 2 g\/L of residual sugar (RS) in the finished wines, and so, acidity cannot be too high so as not to throw off balance. And in lieu of barrel aging, I will use <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"WineStix (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/winestix.com\/oak-barrel-alternatives\/\" target=\"_blank\">WineStix<\/a>, an oak-barrel alternative with which I have had excellent success in the past. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Some Numbers on the Juice and Musts<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the pails thawed and were in working temperature range, around 10\u00b0C (50\u00b0F), I analyzed juice samples thoroughly in my lab to assess, for example, acidity, pH, nitrogen levels, and color to determine what adjustments, if any, would be required before initiating alcoholic fermentation (AF).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before presenting the analysis, some parameters are worth explaining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>PA<\/strong>, or<strong> Potential alcohol<\/strong>, expressed in % alcohol by volume, is calculated from <strong>Brix<\/strong> readings according to the following equation: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1381\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/pa-brix-conversion-equation\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/PA-Brix-Conversion-Equation-e1556562306784.jpg?fit=200%2C44&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"200,44\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"PA-Brix Conversion Equation\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/PA-Brix-Conversion-Equation-e1556562306784.jpg?fit=300%2C66&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/PA-Brix-Conversion-Equation-e1556562306784.jpg?fit=200%2C44&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/PA-Brix-Conversion-Equation.jpg?w=625&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1381\"  \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>There\nare many variations of calculations for this conversion, but over the years, I\nhave found that this calculation is closest to the actual amount of alcohol\nmeasured in the wine after alcoholic fermentation (AF) is done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since high-pH grapes, juice or musts have been a perennial problem in my winemaking, I now regularly measure the amount of potassium ions (<strong>K<sup>+<\/sup><\/strong>), the most significant factor influencing pH and tartrate stability. High pH also reduces color and color stability in reds due to a shift of anthocyanins to the non-colored forms. It\u2019s very hard to deal with high K<sup>+<\/sup> in juice in home winemaking, but the measurement will provide some clues as to the extent of any potential issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>FSO2<\/strong> and <strong>TSO2<\/strong> are a measure of free and total sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2<\/sub>), respectively. These will be more important during post-fermentation processing; I measured these parameters in the juice\/musts to see if any sulfite was added to the juice and to determine how much, if any, I would have to add to keep indigenous yeast and chemical oxidation in check while ensuring not to add too much, which could otherwise inhibit bacteria for the malolactic fermentation (MLF). All three wines will undergo MLF, and I am planning to inoculate for MLF soon after the start of the AF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>YAN<\/strong>, or <strong>Yeast Assimilable Nitrogen<\/strong>, is a measure of the amount of nitrogen\nthat yeast cells can assimilate and use for their metabolic functions during AF.\nA short or even an over-supply of nitrogen can cause fermentation problems and\npossibly lead to flaws or faults, the dreaded, stinky, rotten-egg smell of\nhydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2<\/sub>S) being the most common. The amount of YAN\nyeast needs depends on Brix; typically, at 21, 23, and 25 Brix, yeast needs\n200, 250, and 300 mg YAN\/L, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Turbidity<\/strong>, measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units, is measured in white juice to identify potential fermentation problems, such as the production of volatile sulfur compounds (H<sub>2<\/sub>S is one such substance). The maintenance of a sufficiently high level of turbidity is essential for white wine production, with solid particles acting as a source of lipids for yeast growth under anaerobiosis (absence of air). The recommended range is 100\u2013250 NTU though some research indicates that levels as low as 50 NTU are sufficient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>DO<\/strong>, or <strong>Dissolved Oxygen<\/strong>, is a measure of the amount of oxygen already\npresent in juice. DO is normally tracked post-fermentation in wine to monitor\nany potential oxidation issues. I measured it here, in conjunction with <strong>A<sub>420<\/sub><\/strong>, to assess the state of\nthe juice\/musts and to identify any potential storage issues of the frozen\njuice\/musts.<strong> A<sub>420<\/sub><\/strong> is a\nmeasurement of the absorbance measured at a wavelength of 420 nm; it gives an\nindication of the amount of yellow color in white juice and it if is turning to\na brown color.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In reds, A<sub>420<\/sub> is also used to assess the extent of chemical oxidation and if color is taking on orangey or brownish hues. A similar measurement is made at 520 nm for <strong>A<sub>520<\/sub><\/strong> to determine the amount of red color and to calculate <strong>Color Intensity<\/strong>, or <strong>IC<\/strong>. Full-bodied reds, the style I am aiming for, have IC values in the range 8\u201312. Another similar measurement is made at 620 nm for <strong>A<sub>620<\/sub><\/strong> to determine the amount of blue color (a characteristic in young wines) and to calculate a modified IC. Since the red-color aspect is not obvious from these parameters, another parameter, <strong>brilliance of red<\/strong>, is calculated from the absorbance readings, and the higher the percentage, the greater the brilliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hue<\/strong> is the ratio of absorbance measurements at 420 nm and 520 nm, i.e., the amount of yellow color to red color, and gives an indication of aging and possibly premature oxidation. Young reds, before there is any oxidation, should have a hue of less than 0.8, i.e., the yellow component should never dominate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Missing from this analysis is the polyphenol status in reds; <strong>total phenols<\/strong> (<strong>TP<\/strong>) is measured post-fermentation as tannins are first extracted from grape skins and, to some extent, seeds, during fermentation. TP along with <strong>A<sub>280<\/sub><\/strong> measurements will provide useful data on full-bodiedness, astringency, bitterness, and aging potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Following are the numbers I measured for the three lots, and my maceration\u2013fermentation strategies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2018 Russian River Chardonnay, Olivet Lane Vineyard<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1393\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/chardonnay-analysis-3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Analysis-2.jpg?fit=1123%2C132&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1123,132\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Chardonnay Analysis\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Analysis-2.jpg?fit=300%2C35&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Analysis-2.jpg?fit=625%2C73&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Analysis-2.jpg?fit=625%2C73&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1393\" width=\"1005\" height=\"118\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Analysis-2.jpg?w=1123&amp;ssl=1 1123w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Analysis-2.jpg?resize=300%2C35&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Analysis-2.jpg?resize=768%2C90&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Analysis-2.jpg?resize=1024%2C120&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Analysis-2.jpg?resize=624%2C73&amp;ssl=1 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nnumbers look pretty good, though some attention is required, particularly that\nI intend to put this wine through MLF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1396\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/chardonnay-sample-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?fit=2884%2C4484&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"2884,4484\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;1.9&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;SM-A520W&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1556098916&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;3.6&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.03030303030303&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Chardonnay Sample\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?fit=193%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?fit=625%2C971&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?fit=625%2C971&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1396\" width=\"105\" height=\"162\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?w=2884&amp;ssl=1 2884w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?resize=193%2C300&amp;ssl=1 193w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?resize=768%2C1194&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?resize=659%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 659w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?resize=624%2C970&amp;ssl=1 624w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?w=1250&amp;ssl=1 1250w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Sample-1.jpg?w=1875&amp;ssl=1 1875w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 105px) 100vw, 105px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Total Acidity (TA) will increase as succinic acid is produced during the AF, although the low tartaric acid component of TA indicates that there is likely high malic acid, which will be converted into lactic acid during MLF and decrease the overall TA to possibly a very low level. (I am not yet equipped to measure reliably the amount of malic acid in juice or wine.) I\u2019m also not expecting much change in TA during cold stabilization due to the low tartaric and K<sup>+<\/sup> contents. So I won\u2019t make any acidity adjustments at this stage; I will re-evaluate post AF\/MLF and make any necessary adjustments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1394\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/chardonnay-juice-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Juice-1.jpg?fit=3437%2C4216&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3437,4216\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;1.9&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;SM-A520W&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1556096652&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;3.6&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;1250&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.058823529411765&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Chardonnay Juice\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Juice-1.jpg?fit=245%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Juice-1.jpg?fit=625%2C766&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Juice-1.jpg?fit=625%2C766&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1394\" width=\"167\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Juice-1.jpg?resize=245%2C300&amp;ssl=1 245w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Juice-1.jpg?zoom=2&amp;resize=167%2C203&amp;ssl=1 334w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Chardonnay-Juice-1.jpg?zoom=3&amp;resize=167%2C203&amp;ssl=1 501w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 167px) 100vw, 167px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Given\nthat DO is close to saturation (about 8 mg\/L at 20\u00b0C\/68\u00b0F and 1 atm) and that\nthere is less than 7 mg\/L of free SO<sub>2<\/sub> from the 40 mg\/L added at the\nfreezing stage, I want to avoid any possible premature oxidation and bump that\nup a little to keep the oxygen in check, and so I added 25 mg\/L of SO<sub>2<\/sub>.\nThe color was a light golden; I measured A<sub>420<\/sub> here so that I have a\nreference point to identify any potential oxidation problems later on. I also\nadded some OptiMUM White, which contains GSH, or glutathione, a strong\nantioxidant. GSH is naturally occurring in grapes but I suspect that it may\nhave been entirely consumed in the juice here during processing and storage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>YAN\nis a bit high but still very good for this Brix level, so there are no\nnutritional issues to worry about here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nrelatively low NTU just means that the juice cleared itself quite a bit during\nprocessing and storage. I\u2019m not really concerned at this point having worked\nwith low NTU juices many times previously.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My choice of yeast for this wine is Lalvin Bourgoblanc CY3079, which is recommended specifically for rich, full-bodied Chardonnay and <em>sur-lie<\/em> aging. I\u2019ll use some yeast rehydration nutrients (Go-Ferm) and additional nutrients (Fermaid K) at one-third Brix depletion for a smooth fermentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the MLF, I have chosen Lactoenos B7 (LF16) Direct inoculum; I have had great success with this bacterium. I will inoculate shortly after the AF has started to get the MLF to complete at the same time as the AF or shortly thereafter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lallemandwine.com\/en\/north-america\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Click here to learn more about Lallemand winemaking products (opens in a new tab)\">Click here to learn more about Lallemand winemaking products<\/a> and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"click here for Laffort\u2019s products (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/laffort.com\/en\/laffort-usa-team\/\" target=\"_blank\">click here for Laffort\u2019s products<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2018 Napa Valley Cabernet Sauvignon, Calistoga AVA<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1385\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/cabsauv-analysis\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?fit=1333%2C130&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1333,130\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"CabSauv Analysis\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?fit=300%2C29&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?fit=625%2C61&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?fit=625%2C61&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1385\" width=\"1005\" height=\"98\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?w=1333&amp;ssl=1 1333w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?resize=300%2C29&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?resize=768%2C75&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?resize=1024%2C100&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?resize=624%2C61&amp;ssl=1 624w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Analysis.jpg?w=1250&amp;ssl=1 1250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Looking\nat these numbers, the first thing that jumps out is the high pH; this is\nlargely due in part to the high K<sup>+<\/sup> content (compare these numbers to\nthose for the Pinot Noir below). The most important issue needing attention is protecting\nthe must and resulting wine against microbial spoilage (microbes thrive at\nhigher pH) and premature chemical oxidation. Here I added the equivalent of\napproximately 50 mg\/L of SO<sub>2<\/sub>. Frequent punchdowns during maceration\nand fermentation should be sufficient to keep things in check for now, but\nhigher doses of sulfite will be required post-AF\/MLF to protect the wine during\naging. As I\u2019m expecting TA to increase during the AF, the pH will drop, but\nthat will be offset by an increase in pH if I decide to cold stabilize the wine\nand drop the K<sup>+<\/sup> level. I\u2019ll re-evaluate this post-AF\/MLF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1405\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/cabsauv-sample\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?fit=1961%2C3581&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1961,3581\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;1.9&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;SM-A520W&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1556101978&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;3.6&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;80&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.033333333333333&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"CabSauv Sample\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?fit=164%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?fit=561%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?fit=561%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1405\" width=\"99\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?w=1961&amp;ssl=1 1961w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?resize=164%2C300&amp;ssl=1 164w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?resize=768%2C1402&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?resize=561%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 561w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?resize=624%2C1139&amp;ssl=1 624w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?w=1250&amp;ssl=1 1250w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/CabSauv-Sample.jpg?w=1875&amp;ssl=1 1875w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 99px) 100vw, 99px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>YAN\nshould be around the 250 mg\/L for this Brix level, so I will make up the\ndifference by adding a diammonium phosphate (DAP) formulation (Thiazote PH).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s\ntake a look at SO<sub>2<\/sub> numbers now along with DO and color parameters to\nunderstand the status of the must and what happened during its storage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>No\nsulfite was added to the must prior to flash freezing. DO is very, very low (40\n\u00b5g\/L), and that\u2019s good if we compare this to the DO of 7.50 mg\/L for the\nChardonnay. What happened here in the Cab is that polyphenols went to work and\ndid their job in protecting against chemical oxidation in the absence of SO<sub>2<\/sub>.\nThere are no visible signs of oxidation by inspecting the color; however, a\nspectrophotometric analysis reveals a slightly high yellow component relative\nto the red component with the hue calculated to be 1.21 \u2013 this should be less\nthan 0.8 at this stage. The approximately 50 mg\/L of SO<sub>2<\/sub> added\nshould \u201cremove\u201d some of that yellow color and restore the red color and\nincrease it brilliance, which is low (14.7%) at this stage. I also need to keep\nin mind that the high pH reduces color and color stability. This means that I\nwill need to focus on extracting as much color as possible during maceration via\nappropriate and timely additions of color-extracting enzymes (HE Grand Cru) and\nfermentation tannins (Tanin VR Supra). I will also be adding some inactivated\nyeast derivative nutrients (Opti-Red) to help this process and then stabilize\ncolor when it reaches its peak by adding another dose of Tanin VR Supra. All\nthis with frequent punchdowns should get the IC in the desired 8\u201312 range and\nred brilliance well above 60%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My\nchoice of yeast for this wine is Uvaferm BDX, which is recommended for rich,\nfull-bodied red varietals and specifically for Bordeaux varietals, along with\nthe same yeast rehydration and nutrient protocols as for the Chardonnay.\n\nFor\nthe MLF, here too I will use Lactoenos B7 (LF16) Direct inoculum, and also inoculate\nshortly after the AF has started to get the MLF to complete at the same time as\nthe AF or shortly thereafter.\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2018 Willamette Valley Pinot Noir, Chehalem Mountains AVA<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1384\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/pinot-noir-analysis-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?fit=1316%2C132&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1316,132\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Pinot Noir Analysis\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?fit=300%2C30&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?fit=625%2C63&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?fit=625%2C63&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1384\" width=\"1005\" height=\"101\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?w=1316&amp;ssl=1 1316w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?resize=300%2C30&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?resize=768%2C77&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?resize=1024%2C103&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?resize=624%2C63&amp;ssl=1 624w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Analysis.png?w=1250&amp;ssl=1 1250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nnumbers for this Pinot look very, very good. May this be the greatest Pinot\nthat this Pinot lover ever dreamed about? The pH is in the perfect range with a\nlow K<sup>+<\/sup> level. TA too is perfect, which will increase during the AF\nwhile the impact from the MLF will be relatively small given that the TA is predominantly\ntartaric acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1408\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/pinot-noir-must\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?fit=3456%2C4608&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3456,4608\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;1.9&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;SM-A520W&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1556096812&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;3.6&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;2000&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.1&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Pinot Noir Must\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?fit=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?fit=625%2C833&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?fit=625%2C833&amp;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1408\" width=\"151\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?w=3456&amp;ssl=1 3456w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?resize=225%2C300&amp;ssl=1 225w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?resize=768%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?resize=624%2C832&amp;ssl=1 624w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?w=1250&amp;ssl=1 1250w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/Pinot-Noir-Must.jpg?w=1875&amp;ssl=1 1875w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 151px) 100vw, 151px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>YAN\nshould be around the 250 mg\/L here too for this Brix level, so I will make up\nthe difference by adding some DAP (Thiazote PH).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The\nsame analysis as for the Cab for SO<sub>2<\/sub>, DO, IC, hue and brilliance of\nred apply here. IC is quite a bit lower, but that is expected for a Pinot,\nwhich always requires extra focus and effort on color extraction and\nstabilization due to low anthocyanin content in grape skins. Note, however,\nthat the brilliance of red (28.6%) is higher than for the Cab, so that\u2019s good\nbecause it means that the yellow component is lower. I\u2019m expecting to still get\na fairly deep, rich red color by implementing the same enzymatic, color and\ntannin addition protocols as for the Cab.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My\nchoice of yeast for this wine is Lalvin RC-212, which is recommended for rich,\nfull-bodied Pinot Noir, along with the same yeast rehydration and nutrient\nprotocols as for the Chardonnay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For\nthe MLF, here too I will use Lactoenos B7 (LF16) Direct inoculum, and also inoculate\nshortly after the AF has started to get the MLF to complete at the same time as\nthe AF or shortly thereafter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ready to Making Some Serious Wines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019m\nexcited. Things look good, so it\u2019s time to inoculate and start fermentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\nwill report back at the conclusion of the AF and MLF and pressing (reds) to see\nhow things progressed along with a similar analysis of the same parameters as\nabove. I will also start monitoring Total Phenols (TP) to gauge polyphenol\ncontent and what it all means.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So\nstay tuned, we\u2019ve got some great wines in the making!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cheers,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daniel <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ough, C.S. and M.A. Amerine. 1988. Methods for Analysis of Musts and Wines. 2nd. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York (NY). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rib\u00e9reau-Gayon, P., Y. Glories, A. Maujean and D. Dubourdieu. 2012. Trait\u00e9 d&#8217;\u0153nologie, Tome 2 &#8211; Chimie du vin. Stabilisation et traitements. 6e \u00e9dition. Dunod, Paris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zoecklein, B.W., K.C. Fugelsang, B.H. Gump and F.S. Nury. 1999. Wine Analysis and Production. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg (MD). <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>April 28, 2019 So I\u2019m on a quest to make, not great, but superb wines from top-notch fruit (i.e., grapes). And therein lies my challenge . . . every year&#8230; <a href=\"https:\/\/techniquesinhomewinemaking.com\/blog\/my-quest-for-top-quality-fruit-for-making-superlative-wines\/\">Read more &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[118,3,9],"tags":[122,121,119,123,120,124],"class_list":["post-1379","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-frozen-must","category-home-winemaking","category-product-reviews","tag-cabernet-sauvignon","tag-chardonnay","tag-frozen-must","tag-pinot-noir","tag-winegrapesdirect","tag-winestix"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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